INTRODUCTION
Obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that can affect
health1. Currently, about a third of the world’s population is obese or overweight2. In Brazil, 18.9% of Brazilians are obese, and over half of the population is overweight3.
The high prevalence rate of obesity makes Brazil the second country where most bariatric
and metabolic surgery is performed, the most effective treatment for the disease,
which increased by 46.7% between 2012 and 2017, 76% of which in men and female4. Surgical success is considered when there are losses greater than 20% of the total
body weight in 6 months5; however, the loss of excess weight in 5 years can vary between 59.1% and 69.3% when
undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, respectively6.
After significant weight loss, skin flaccidity associated with ptosis in different
anatomical compartments are direct consequences7, and about half of the patients feel dissatisfied with this result8. Plastic surgery receives them after weight stabilization and performs abdominal
dermolipectomy, mammoplasty, brachioplasty, and cruroplasty, among others9. Such procedures are desired by 65% of male patients and 85% of female patients10, mainly in the abdominal region11.
Every surgery is subject to complications, whether major complications such as hemorrhage,
deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE); or smaller such as
hematoma, surgical dehiscence, seroma, and surgical wound infection12. Preoperative evaluation and postoperative care are relevant to avoid them and obtain
better functional and aesthetic results for the patient13, especially in post-bariatric patients, who have a significantly higher risk of complications
(48%) compared to non-bariatric patients undergoing surgery to reduce weight (29%)14. However, even with all care taken, 68% of cases present seroma, dehiscence, or hematoma,
and 32% may present abscess, seroma infection, pathological scarring, DVT, and PE15. Seroma is the most frequent minor complication16.
Postoperative dressings are essential for reducing minor complications and are basically
divided into two types: the common ones, which include micropore, bandage, adhesive
tapes, and modern dressings such as negative pressure therapy17. The latter is a modality gaining ground in surgical practice as an intervention
method to improve the healing process, in risky closed incisions, by keeping the wound
edges together, stimulating blood perfusion, reducing tension and edema, and protecting
the wound against infections18.
Current international literature recognizes the many benefits of using negative pressure
therapy in closed surgical incisions, identifying its value in treatment19,20,21,22,23. In our midst, however, there is a notable lack of studies on the subject; that said,
verifying the impact of negative pressure therapy in closed surgical incisions of
dermolipectomy in post-bariatric patients becomes of great value to be studied.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the presence of complications in patients undergoing post-bariatric dermolipectomy
with negative pressure dressing in closed surgical incisions.
METHOD
Observational, descriptive study carried out from August to November 2019 with collection
through the physical records of a clinic in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Twenty patients who underwent post-bariatric dermolipectomy surgery comprised the
study population. The sample is non-probabilistic for convenience. Clinical and surgical
data of patients who underwent the procedure with a negative pressure dressing were
included, including sex, age, type of bariatric surgery, body mass index (BMI) pre-bariatric
surgery, total weight loss, time since bariatric surgery, pre-abdominal dermolipectomy
BMI, smoking, type of abdominal incision, tissue removed, length of stay and complications.
Data were tabulated in Windows Excel software and then analyzed using the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences 18.0 program. Qualitative variables were presented
in simple and relative frequencies, and quantitative variables as mean standard deviation
and amplitude. The study was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee
of Unisul under CAAE 16295519.0.0000.5369.
Surgical technique
Dermolipectomy surgery with extensive tissue removal without additional procedures,
such as liposuction, was the surgical procedure all patients underwent. The surgically
removed tissue was weighed and recorded in the medical record. Surgical wound closure
was performed in all patients adequately to avoid dead space formation, after which
negative pressure therapy was established continuously at 125mmHg. The procedure in
this study can be seen in the figures below (Figures 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, and 2C).
Figure 1 - A. Preoperative plastic surgery of post-bariatric dermolipectomy (right profile); B. Preoperative plastic surgery of post-bariatric dermolipectomy (front); C. Preoperative plastic surgery of post-bariatric dermolipectomy (left profile).
Figure 1 - A. Preoperative plastic surgery of post-bariatric dermolipectomy (right profile); B. Preoperative plastic surgery of post-bariatric dermolipectomy (front); C. Preoperative plastic surgery of post-bariatric dermolipectomy (left profile).
Figure 2 - A. Immediate postoperative; B. Surgical specimens removed in the transoperative period of post-bariatric dermolipectomy
surgery using the anchor technique; C. Installation of negative pressure therapy and Portovac drain.
Figure 2 - A. Immediate postoperative; B. Surgical specimens removed in the transoperative period of post-bariatric dermolipectomy
surgery using the anchor technique; C. Installation of negative pressure therapy and Portovac drain.
A Portovac-type continuous suction drain was used in the suprafascial space as a routine.
All participants used negative pressure therapy for 7 days and then migrated to a
simple dressing with micropore until the surgical stitches were completely removed
on the 14th day.
Patients had follow-up appointments on the seventh, fourteenth, and thirtieth postoperative
days for clinical evaluation of the surgical incision, with the results recorded in
the physical record.
RESULTS
Twenty patients underwent negative pressure therapy in a closed surgical incision
of post-bariatric dermolipectomy. The clinical and surgical characteristics identified
in each patient are described in Table 1. 80% of the participants were female (n=16), and the mean age was 39.55 years (±9.08),
with an age range of 29 and 59 years old.
Table 1 - Clinical and surgical characteristics and outcome of each patient.
#Case
Sex
Age years)
|
Type of bariatric surgery (pre-OP BMI)
Total weight loss (%)
Time since surgery (months)
Pre-dermolipectomy BMI (kg/m2)
Smoking
|
Type of incision
Tissue removed (grams)
Tissue removed (%)
Hospitalization time (hours)
|
Complications |
#1
♀
33 years old
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (40.27 kg/m2)
46.72%
48 months
26.34 kg/m2
|
In anchor
1900.00g
2.71%
24 hours
|
- |
#2
♀
45 years
|
BypassRoux-en-Y gastric (45.72 kg/m2)
41.66%
36 months
26.67 kg/m2
|
In anchor
2100.00g
3%
72 hours
|
- |
#3
♀
36 years old
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (39.54 kg/m2)
34.18%
60 months
25.68 kg/m2
|
Classic
1900.00g
2.50%
36 hours
|
- |
#4
♀
37 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (49.47 kg/m2)
42.10%
26 months
30.04 kg/m2
|
In anchor
2000.00g
2.66%
72 hours
|
- |
#5
♀
59 years old
|
Sleeve gastrectomy (32.84 kg/m2)
14.63%
36 months
28.04 kg/m2 Smoker
|
In anchor
2000.00g
2.85%
72 hours
|
- |
#6
♀
31 years
|
Sleeve gastrectomy (53.23 kg/m2)
43.47%
78 months
30.47 kg/m2
|
In anchor
2000.00g
2.53%
72 hours
|
- |
#7
♀
34 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (36.57 kg/m2)
31.37%
17 months
26.89 kg/m2
|
at anchor
2900.00g
3.86%
24 hours
|
- |
#8
♂
31 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (53.62 kg/m2)
47.48%
15 months
24.3 kg/m2
|
Classic 600.00g
0.95%
24 hours
|
Bruise
|
#9
♀
32 years old
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (48.47 kg/m2)
44.64%
26 months
28.99 kg/m2
|
At anchor 3600.00g
5.37%
24 hours
|
- |
#10
♀
29 years old
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (40.27 kg/m2)
38.31%
14 months
24.84 kg/m2 Smoker
|
In anchor 2000.00g
3.03%
24 hours
|
Dehiscence
|
#11
♀
57 years old
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (40.26 kg/m2)
43.87%
22 months
22.6 kg/m2
|
In anchor 1800.00g
3.27%
24 hours
|
- |
#12
♀
38 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (48 kg/m2)
42.59%
30 months
26.22 kg/m2
|
Classic 1200.00g
2.03%
24 hours
|
- |
#13
♀
31 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
(39.51 kg/m2)
47.61%
36 months
22.58 kg/m2 Smoker
|
Eat anchor
3000.00g
5.00%
24 hours
|
- |
#14
♀
51 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (47.25 kg/m2)
45.21%
32 months
25.88 kg/m2
|
In anchor 1000.00g
1.58%
48 hours
|
- |
#15
♀
36 years olds
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (40.61 kg/m2)
37.93%
16 months
25.9 kg/m2
|
Classic 1500.00g
2.02%
24 hours
|
- |
#16
♂
40 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (45.63 kg/m2) 29.62%
48 months
30.42 kg/m2
|
In anchor 2500.00g
2.77%
48 hours
|
- |
#17
♂
34 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (41.09 kg/m2)
24.39%
17 months
29.4 kg/m2
|
Classic 2200.00g
2.50%
48 hours
|
- |
#18
♂
46 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (45.16 kg/m2)
43.33%
8 months
25.21 kg/m2
|
In anchor 1800.00g
2.68%
24 hours
|
- |
#19
♀
39 years old
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (46.84 kg/m2)
49.12%
60 months
24.65 kg/m2
|
Classic
1800.00g
3.00%
48 hours
|
- |
#20
♀
52 years
|
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (41.62 kg/m2)
40%
24 months
26.22 kg/m2
26,22 kg/m2
|
In anchor 1000.00g
1.58%
48 hours
|
Seroma
|
Table 1 - Clinical and surgical characteristics and outcome of each patient.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was the most prevalent bariatric and metabolic surgery technique
in 90% (n=18), with a mean pre-surgical BMI of 43.85 kg/m2 (±5.31) and weight loss
average weight of 39.41% (±8.72). The mean time to perform the post-bariatric dermolipectomy
surgery was 32.45 months (±18.31). A pre-dermolipectomy BMI of 26.55 kg/m2 (±2.18)
was demonstrated, with a minimum and maximum value of 23 and 30 kg/m2, respectively.
Smoking was absent in 85% (n=17).
The anchor incision was chosen in 70% (n=14) of the procedures. There was an average
tissue resection of 1940 grams (±710.37), corresponding to an average excision of
2.75% (±1.04) concerning weight before dermolipectomy. Post-dermolipectomy hospitalization
was 40.20 hours (±19.18), equivalent to 1.66 days.
Only 15% (n=3) of the patients had complications, namely dehiscence, seroma, and hematoma,
which occurred in the same proportion. No case of necrosis of any extent was identified
(Table 2).
Table 2 - Complications related to the use of negative pressure therapy in closed surgical incisions
in patients undergoing post-bariatric dermolipectomy surgery (n=20).
Outcomes |
n |
(%) |
Total complications |
3 |
15 |
Dehiscence |
1 |
5 |
Seroma |
1 |
5 |
Bruise |
1 |
5 |
Necrosis |
- |
- |
Table 2 - Complications related to the use of negative pressure therapy in closed surgical incisions
in patients undergoing post-bariatric dermolipectomy surgery (n=20).
DISCUSSION
It is known that massive weight loss, such as that in patients undergoing metabolic
and bariatric surgery, is directly related to aesthetic deformities that often make
the individual not have a good perception of himself8. Body contouring plastic surgery, dermolipectomy, becomes relevant for improving
self-image acceptance9. However, post-bariatric patients have higher rates of surgical complications when
compared to those who did not undergo weight reduction surgery14.
It is indisputable that the greatest demand for post-bariatric abdominal dermolipectomy
surgery is female. In the present study, 80% corresponded to this group, in line with
several studies published both nationally and internationally16,24,25,26,27. The mean age was 39.50 years, similar to that found in the literature24,26,27, but with a discrepancy of 4 years compared to a Colombian study by García Botero
et al.25.
The surgical technique of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass deserves to be highlighted as a
surgical method for weight reduction in 90% of the patients analyzed. The pre-surgical
BMI ranged, according to the formal indication of the Brazilian Society of Bariatric
and Metabolic Surgery (SBCBM)4, between 33 and 54 kg/m2, with a mean value of 43.85 kg/m2, which also corresponds to the value found in studies by Donnabella et al.24 and Staalesen et al.14.
The mean post-bariatric weight loss was 39.41% of the total body weight, which means
that these patients achieved the efficacy goal proposed by the SBCBM with the procedure5. This shows how considerable the weight reduction is, to the point that the surgeon
in charge foresees the likely need for post-bariatric reconstructive surgery as a
method to improve the patient’s quality of life. It is reiterated that the indication
is not only aesthetic but also a hygienic-prophylactic method, as there are risks
of eczema formation due to the accumulation of sweat and fetid odor, in addition to
the proliferation of fungi and bacteria in regions with greater skin ptosis9.
The average time between the bariatric surgery and the abdominal dermolipectomy was
32.45 months, a lower value than that found in the literature since the study by Donnabella
et al.24 showed 47 months. Notably, the procedure is indicated from when weight loss is stable,
with no ideal minimum limit, but it has already become routine to indicate it from
6 months9.
In that study, the mean pre-dermolipectomy BMI was 26.55 kg/m2, and three patients were in the grade I obesity group (30.42; 30.47 and 30.04 kg/m2), while the remaining were eutrophic or overweight, which is in line with several
published articles14,24,25,27. It is essential to highlight that post-bariatric dermolipectomy surgery does not
have weight loss as its main function; therefore, the plastic surgeon should consider
it for those with a BMI below 30 kg/m2 or with specific indications for those over 30 kg/m2
9.
Smoking was present in only 15% (n=3) of the participants in this study, and only
one had partial dehiscence of the surgical incision, even with negative pressure therapy.
It is already established both in the literature and in clinical practice that nicotine,
a product present in cigarettes, hinders the healing process since the collagen fibers
become disorganized and the granulation tissue deficiency prevents adequate cell proliferation
for proper wound closure operative28; therefore, if the patient is an active smoker, a month-long cessation prior to the
surgical act is requested.
The type of dermolipectomy surgical incision choice depends on clinical and surgical
factors. In that study, there was a predominance of the proposed anchor incision in
70% of the patients, converging with the study by Donnabella et al.24, however diverging from the article by Rosa et al.27, in which it was only indicated in 19.42%. This difference can be attributed to the
specific characteristics of the patients in this study, for example, time after bariatric
surgery, skin flaccidity, and total weight loss. The average tissue resection was
1940 grams, with an average excision of 2.75% concerning the total body weight, confirming
data obtained in the literature14,26. It is reiterated that the main objective of post-bariatric surgery is to correct
flaccidity and not to reduce weight.
In this study, patients who had the installation of negative pressure therapy in the
surgical incision of post-bariatric dermolipectomy had an average hospital stay of
40.2 hours, equivalent to only 1.66 days, while in several studies, which did not
have the use of negative pressure therapy as an intervention, hospital stays varied
between 2 and 5 days16,27. This reduction can be associated with the immobilization of the surgical wound maintained
by the dressing; this results in less local pain stimulation, greater comfort, and
early return of the patient to his daily activities.
There are several risk factors for complications in patients with significant weight
loss due to bariatric surgery compared to those who lost weight through diet and physical
activity, 48% vs. 29%14. In the cohort study by García Botero et al.25, the rate of minor complications in wide abdominal dermolipectomy surgery was 53.7%,
mainly seroma, and dehiscence. These data remain high in the literature, following
the pattern of rates greater than 20%14,16,26,27.
Only 15% of the participants in this study had minor complications, in equal proportions,
in the case of dehiscence, seroma, and hematoma. No case of necrosis of any extent
was found in all patients who underwent the post-bariatric abdominal dermolipectomy
procedure using negative pressure therapy. These results seem to indicate that negative
pressure can improve the healing process by stabilizing the wound edges close to the
suture line, increasing local blood perfusion, and decreasing tension and edema18.
CONCLUSION
The present study is not exempt from design, population, and sample size limitations.
However, the scarcity of national studies demonstrating a causal relationship between
the use or not of negative pressure therapy in the surgical incision of post-bariatric
abdominal dermolipectomy and its complications demonstrates its importance.
The use of negative pressure therapy in closed surgical incisions of post-bariatric
abdominal dermolipectomy seems to indicate that it contributes to the reduction of
postoperative complications, suggesting a significant decrease in the complications
associated with this procedure. New studies are needed to confirm this outcome.
1. Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Campus Pedra Branca, Curso de Medicina, Palhoça,
Santa Catarina, Brazil
Corresponding author: Lara Gomes Faistel Rua José Durieux, 90, casa 2, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Zip Code: 88037-406 E-mail:
lgfaistel@gmail.com