INTRODUCTION
The first descriptions of flaps in the history of plastic surgery (6th century BC) were for nasal reconstruction in ancient India; the technique became
known as the mid-frontal flap or the Indian method. Gaspare Tagliacozzi, in 1597,
described a new option for nose reconstruction: a direct cutaneous flap of the upper
limb called the Italian method1. Dieffenbach described the nasolabial flap and Converse the scalp flap based on the
superficial temporal artery2-4.
The nasal ala has always been a major reconstructive difficulty due to its thin skin,
which, after being reconstructed, normally required surgical refinements for a better
appearance. Looking for an alternative to correct these defects, in which the skin
would present similar characteristics of the nasal ala and allow reconstruction in
a single surgical procedure, we came across the nasolabial flap with an inferior pedicle.
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the viability of the inferior nasolabial flap for nasal ala reconstruction
after removal of skin tumors.
METHODS
The study was carried out with primary data obtained from a retrospective study of
20 cases of nasal alar reconstruction using an inferior pedicle nasolabial flap, after
removal of basal cell carcinoma, in the period between 2008 and 2019. The patients
were operated on at the Hospital de Câncer de Campo Grande Alfredo Abrao, MS. The
results of the immediate postoperative period were analyzed, with seven, 30 and 90
days after surgery and after 1 year and the occurrence or not of complications.
We selected the cases of patients with tumors restricted to the nasal ala, who had
been previously biopsied with a positive diagnosis for basal cell carcinoma and who
agreed to sign the Free and Informed Consent Form. The Ethics Committee approved the
study of the Hospital de Câncer de Campo Grande Alfredo Abrão (n.º 002.2021).
Surgical technique
After demarcating the tumor with oncological safety margins with methylene blue, the
tumor area was anesthetized with modified Klein’s solution [100 ml of 0.9% SF + 1
ampoule of adrenaline (millesimal solution) + 20 ml of lidocaine at 2 % (without vasoconstrictor)
+ 4 ml of 8.4% Na+ bicarbonate] + infraorbital nerve block associated with sedation
with midazolam and fentanyl performed by the anesthesiologist.
After vasoconstriction, the tumor was resected, and rigorous hemostasis of the excised
area was performed.
The search for thin skin, similar to that of the nasal ala, led us to use the skin
of the lateral nasal dorsum. We demarcated the flap to be made, extending from the
nasal ala to the inner corner of the eye, preserving the area of the internal canthal
ligament and the lacrimal duct. Then, we made the inferior pedicle nasolabial skin
flap (Figure 1A) and rotated it to its new bed (Figure 1B), in which it was sutured with 5.0 nylon. After slight detachment and hemostasis,
the donor area was sutured with 4.0 vicryl and 5.0 nylon, generating a scar without
tension (Figure 1C).
Figure 1 - Technical sequence of transposition flap. A: Tumor excision and flap creation; B:
Rotation of the flap; C: Immediate postoperative period.
Figure 1 - Technical sequence of transposition flap. A: Tumor excision and flap creation; B:
Rotation of the flap; C: Immediate postoperative period.
The excised tumor was sent for anatomopathological examination to confirm the safety
margins.
RESULTS
During 11 years, 20 cases of patients needing nasal ala reconstruction after basal
cell carcinoma excision were analyzed and operated on, 13 (65%) were male, and 7 (35%)
were female. The age of the patients ranged between 45 and 80 years, with 50% in the
age group from 61 to 70 years. All patients presented Fitzpatrick between I and III.
Only 7 (35%) required refinements for the operated patients, performed in only one
additional surgical time (Figure 2). In the immediate postoperative period, two patients had partial coverage of the
defect, and another two patients had complications, one being an infection and the
other an unsightly staining of the flap.
Figure 2 - Distribution of patients by the need for surgical refinement (N=20).
Figure 2 - Distribution of patients by the need for surgical refinement (N=20).
At the consultation after 60 days, one patient evolved with an unsightly scar, and
two had partial disappearance of the nasolabial fold. In the follow-up up to one year
after the surgeries, thirteen patients (65%) did not present any complications, and
no patient evolved with necrosis (Figure 3).
Figure 3 - Complications in the postoperative flaps (N=20).
Figure 3 - Complications in the postoperative flaps (N=20).
Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the surgical technique, and Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the long-term follow-up of some cases in the series.
Figure 4 - A: Demarcation of the retail; B: Tumor excision and flap creation; C: Immediate postoperative
period.
Figure 4 - A: Demarcation of the retail; B: Tumor excision and flap creation; C: Immediate postoperative
period.
Figure 5 - A: Tumor excision and flap demarcation; B: Fabrication and rotation of the flap; C:
Immediate postoperative period.
Figure 5 - A: Tumor excision and flap demarcation; B: Fabrication and rotation of the flap; C:
Immediate postoperative period.
Figure 6 - A: Immediate postoperative period; B: Seven postoperative days; C: 30 days after surgery.
Figure 6 - A: Immediate postoperative period; B: Seven postoperative days; C: 30 days after surgery.
Figure 7 - A: Postoperative period of 90 days; B: One-year postoperative period.
Figure 7 - A: Postoperative period of 90 days; B: One-year postoperative period.
DISCUSSION
In the literature, there is a large arsenal described for nose reconstruction. However,
due to its limits and concave shape, the nasal ala represents a challenge for the
surgeon to preserve its function allied to a satisfactory aesthetic result.
Some authors reported the bilobed flap (44%) as the most used for this nasal subunit
(nasal wing), followed by the VY flap and the superior pedicle nasolabial flap5; other authors reported a predominance of the use of the superior pedicle nasolabial
flap (55.84%)6,7. In the present study, we did not find, in the literature, a case series of the inferior
pedicle nasolabial flap to serve as a comparison with our work.
The inferior pedicle nasolabial flap is based, in the design, on the Limberg rhomboid
flap. This one, which considers the resection area as a diamond, proposes making the
flap parallel to one of the four axes of the lesion, making the “V” of the donor area
close by approximation when rotating the flap. The inferior pedicle nasolabial flap,
in essence, is the Limberg flap designed in the most suitable axis for the correction
of the nasal ala defect.
Skin thickness is one of the limiting factors for the reconstruction to be aesthetically
similar to that of the nasal ala. The mid-frontal flap is an option for major reconstructions
that encompass more than half of the nose, including the nasal wings, being described
as the most appropriate for safety, amount of skin obtained and similarity in skin
characteristics8; however, it requires several refinement surgeries in Caucasian patients for esthetic
improvement due to the thickness of this flap. Despite its limited coverage area,
the inferior pedicle nasolabial flap, being restricted to defects in the nasal ala,
presented a skin thickness practically compatible with the anterior thickness, not
requiring refinements to thin the flap in 70% of the cases performed.
According to Gokrem et al.9, the VY myocutaneous advancement flap is an option for nasal reconstruction of small
and medium defects, avoiding the disadvantages of the frontal flap and presenting
the advantages of safety and similar characteristics between the donor and recipient
areas, and can be used in various regions of the nose. However, it requires great
experience from the surgeon to guarantee the viability of this flap due to the narrow
pedicle. In contrast, the inferior pedicle nasolabial flap is easy to make, not requiring
great experience on the surgeon’s part to perform it.
According to Laitano et al.5, the bilobed flap has the advantage of being a simple procedure, performed in a single
stage, with good aesthetic and functional results and a high degree of patient acceptance,
unlike the superior pedicle nasolabial flap. The bilobed flap for nasal alar reconstruction
showed the same specificities compared to the inferior pedicle nasolabial flap.
The interpolation flap for nasal ala correction, cited by Sakai et al.10, promotes the preservation of the nasolabial fold; however, when the patient is male,
hair follicles may be transferred, which does not happen with the inferior pedicle
nasolabial flap because their skin does not contain hair follicles.
CONCLUSION
The inferior base nasolabial flap proved to be a viable flap for nasal ala reconstruction
due to the quality of the skin, easy execution and minimal complication rates.
COLLABORATIONS |
MR |
Conception and design study, Final manuscript approval, Methodology, Realization of
operations and/or trials, Supervision, Writing - Review & Editing
|
DNS |
Analysis and/or data interpretation, Final manuscript approval, Writing - Review &
Editing
|
ALCL |
Analysis and/or data interpretation, Final manuscript approval, Visualization, Writing
- Original Draft Preparation, Writing - Review & Editing
|
ALCL |
Final manuscript approval, Writing - Original Draft Preparation, Writing - Review
& Editing
|
ACR |
Analysis and/or data interpretation, Final manuscript approval, Writing - Review &
Editing
|
1. Campo Grande Alfredo Abrao Cancer Hospital, Plastic Surgery Service, Campo Grande,
MS, Brazil.
2. Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Plastic Surgery, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
3. State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Medicine, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
4. Anhanguera-Uniderp University, Medicine, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
5. University of Marília, Medicine, Marília, SP, Brasil.
Corresponding author: Marcelo Rosseto, Rua Raul Pires Barbosa, 1477, Chácara Cachoeira, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, Zip Code
79040-150, E-mail: marcelorosseto@yahoo.com.br