INTRODUCTION
One of the most frequent adverse events of irradiation is skin reactions, occurring
in up to 95% of patients. Its evolution depends on both characteristics of the treatment
itself and risk factors intrinsic to the patient1.
The pathogenesis of radiodermatitis involves direct radiation injury and subsequent
inflammatory response, affecting cellular elements in the skin. The energy of ionizing
radiation produces immediate tissue damage by producing secondary electrons and reactive
oxygen species. Each subsequent fraction of radiation generates greater recruitment
of inflammatory cells, and the damage to the dermis disrupts the normal skin regeneration2,3. Thus, radiation-damaged skin has low healing power.
Compared with other fluoroscopically guided interventions, interventional cardiology
procedures are associated with high doses of radiation directed to the skin, thus
generating overdosing in prolonged fluoroscopies 4.
The effects of radiation on the skin can be classified as acute in the first six months
and late after this period. Acute effects predominantly occur in tissues with a high
level of mitotic activity and usually disappear within four weeks. Late effects, on
the other hand, are secondary to radiation-induced vascular impairment and stromal
fibrosis. In addition, hyper/hypopigmentation of the skin, fibrosis, telangiectasias
and sebaceous and sweat gland dysfunction may occur5.
In the present article, we report an atypical case of radiodermatitis, aiming to discuss
the approach of irradiated areas and their restoration difficulties as a result of
radiation.
CASE REPORT
Caucasian male patient, 61 years old, hypertensive, dyslipidemic, obese, diabetic,
hypothyroidism patient and smoker. History of disc herniation, two previous AMI (acute
myocardial infarction). Currently in use of AAS, clopidogrel, enalapril, selozok,
levothyroxine and atorvastatin. He was admitted to the plastic surgery service of
the Hospital Monte Sinai de Juiz de Fora/MG for thoracic reconstruction due to extensive
injury to the right thoracic back by fluoroscopic radiation.
Submitted to angioplasty in June 2018, four stents were placed. Then, in August, he noticed the appearance of flushing and heat on the right-back,
a topography that was coincident with the fluoroscope of hemodynamic procedures (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Initial skin lesion on the back 2 months after angioplasty.
Figure 1 - Initial skin lesion on the back 2 months after angioplasty.
In September, he progressed to an ulcerated lesion of yellow-green color, measuring
12x8cm, located in the area of the radioscopy plate for catheterization (Figure 2). Again, there was a progressive increase in size, reaching deep planes.
Figure 2 - Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesion on the back 3 months after angioplasty.
Figure 2 - Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesion on the back 3 months after angioplasty.
Also, in September, a biopsy was performed, which showed dermal fibrosclerosis with
reactive fibroblasts, steatonecrosis, tissue necrosis with abscess formation, and
absence of malignancy in the cut-off planes examined: alterations compatible with
radiotherapy effect.
At this moment, debridement was performed, with primary closure of the lesion, but
without success. At the end of September 2018 (Figure 3), he presented extensive necrosis and dehiscence of the scar. The lesion was left
open, being oriented daily dressings and healing by second intention.
Figure 3 - Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesion on the back 4 months after angioplasty.
Figure 3 - Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesion on the back 4 months after angioplasty.
On February 26, 2019, showing significant improvement of the wound, he underwent excision
of remaining actinic lesions and a new biopsy without complications. The histopathological
report showed ulceration, hyper radioactive epidermis with apoptotic bodies, dermis
with thick collagen bands, reactive fibroblasts, intense reactivity of the glandular
epithelium, absence of malignancy, alterations compatible with the effect of radiotherapy,
exceeding the resection margins (radiodermatitis necrosis). Again, healing was instructed
by the second intention.
Due to the delay in wound healing, on October 22, 2019, he underwent reconstructive
surgery with a detachment of a dermofat flap to cover the lesion (Figure 4). He evolved satisfactorily, being discharged on the third postoperative day (POD)
for outpatient follow-up, after total integration of the surgical wound.
Figure 4 - Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesion on the back 1 year and 5 months after angioplasty.
Figure 4 - Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesion on the back 1 year and 5 months after angioplasty.
However, he presented a small dehiscence one month after the operation, showing her
high healing deficit. Closing by the second intention was chosen on November 25, 2019
(Figure 5). The wound presented great difficulty in its healing process, with complete epithelialization
of the surgical wound being detected only on April 7, 2020 (Figure 6).
Figure 5 - Surgical wound dehiscence on the back after advancement of randomized dermofat.
Figure 5 - Surgical wound dehiscence on the back after advancement of randomized dermofat.
Figure 6 - Operative wound in the process of epithelialization with absence of phlogiston signs.
Figure 6 - Operative wound in the process of epithelialization with absence of phlogiston signs.
DISCUSSION
RCIR are dose-dependent effects of ionizing radiation and usually occur when radiation
dose limits are exceeded6.
Previous studies indicate that prolonged procedure times, multiple cumulative procedures,
total occlusion of the right coronary artery, obesity, hypothyroidism, and diabetes
are risk factors for RCIR7. In addition, the actual radiation dose required to cause deterministic skin injury
is specific to each patient. It may vary widely based on individual biological variation,
radiation sensitivity and the presence or absence of certain coexisting conditions8,9.
To date, there is no strong evidence to support the superiority of any specific preventive
or therapeutic intervention in the treatment of RCIR. Therefore, a careful assessment
of risk factors related to the development of skin toxicity remains a priority10.
It is important to highlight the great fragility of the irradiated tissue, which remains
even after the apparent epithelialization of the wound from the RCIR. In our case,
the patient underwent a small biopsy in a well epithelialized wound, but this traumatic
stimulus was sufficient to aggravate a critical area again. Thus, irradiated tissue
can remain intact for decades. However, any form of stress or tissue injury can generate
a chronic wound exposed to noble structures. The treatment of these wounds usually
requires extensive debridement of the necrotic skin, soft tissue, and affected bones,
resulting in a complex wound, often with exposure to deep planes.
Because of the long delay in the second intention repair process, we chose to cover
it with a dermofat flap, which is in line with what is recommended in the literature.
Muscle and dermofat flaps from regions not affected by radiation can be useful for
coverage and reconstruction 11. In addition, we believe that making the flap was essential for the proper treatment
of this patient, including for their psychological comfort, as they were already undergoing
daily dressings for a long time.
In the case presented, the persistence in the evolution of the necrosis of tissues
on the back occurred for a long period, even after surgical debridement, with the
comorbidities presented by the patient hampering wound healing. Due to the persistence
of tissue damage by radiation, our patient evolved to massive tissue loss, which could
affect the entire thickness of the chest wall and even have pulmonary involvement
or even death.
Thus, the intervention of reconstructive plastic surgery was essential to improve
the healing quality of the wound through debridement and flap making. In addition,
the continuous follow-up of the patient associated with the clinical control of his
comorbidities were fundamental measures for the delimitation and control of the progression
of tissue necrosis, which evolved to good healing.
CONCLUSION
Skin lesions from exposure to ionizing radiation are associated with multiple factors.
The case shown is related to the type of procedure performed, fluoroscopy, and comorbidities
(obesity, diabetes, and thyroid diseases).
Even though all care was taken to restore the integrity of the patient’s chest, we
evidenced the perpetuation of the radiation injury, an unusual fact to be observed
even after successive surgical approaches.
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1. Therezinha de Jesus Maternity Hospital, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
2. Monte Sinai Hospital, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
3. Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health of Juiz de Fora, Faculty of Medicine, Juiz
de Fora, MG, Brazil.
Corresponding author:
Iarley Peron Faria Rua Aníbal Maurício de Oliveira , nº 50, Centro, São João do Oriente, MG, Brazil
Zip Code 35146-000 E-mail: iarleyperon@gmail.com / casalithais@hotmail.com
Article received: May 22, 2020.
Article accepted: April 23, 2021.
Conflicts of interest: none.