INTRODUCTION
Mandibular reconstruction is a complex procedure and remains a challenge in plastic
surgery1. Although attempts of reconstruction have been described since the 19th century,
the greatest experience took place during the First and Second World War1,2. Initial reconstruction attempts using bone grafts and pediculated osteocutaneous
flaps were characterized by a high incidence of postoperative complications and poor
long-term outcomes2.
The advent of microsurgery has modified reconstructive plastic surgery. Microsurgical
flaps have many advantages: complex and larges defects can be repaired in a single
stage, reducing hospitalization time, hospital expenses, and morbidity, and it allows
primary closure of the donor area. There are several indications for mandibular reconstruction,
including cancer resections, traumatic injuries, and osteoradionecrosis3.4. The ultimate goal is restoring form and function and improving chewing, swallowing,
speech, and oral competence5,6.
Currently, the transfer of vascularized bone through microsurgical technique is the
gold standard for mandibular reconstruction7,8,9,10. Fibula free flap was first described by Taylor, 1975 Apud Hidalgo, 2002 introduced
it in mandibular reconstruction in 19896. Despite the many advantages of microsurgical reconstructions, mastering this tool
requires a long learning curve, and failure can lead to consequences proportional
to the magnitude of technique11.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed at evaluating a series of patients undergoing complex mandibular
reconstructions performed by the plastic surgery team of the Clinical Hospital of
the Federal University of Pernambuco (HC-UFPE) using fibula free flap after great
tumor resections.
METHODS
A retrospective clinical study was conducted from January 2005 to July 2017, analyzing
the medical records of patients undergoing microsurgical reconstructions after resection
of head and neck neoplasms at the surgical service of the Clinical Hospital of the
Federal University of Pernambuco (HC-UFPE).
The inclusion criteria were as follows: medical records of patients treated at the
plastic surgery clinic of HC-UFPE with a diagnosis (clinical and histopathological)
of mandible neoplasm undergoing resections, followed by reconstruction with fibula
free flaps. The following parameters were analyzed: gender, age, etiology, type of
reconstruction, and complications. The following patients were excluded from the study:
those with incomplete medical records or those who were lost to outpatient follow-up.
Since our study is retrospective using secondary data from medical records, obtaining
an Informed Consent Form (ICF) was impossible. The study was approved by the Ethics
and Research Committee of the Federal University of Pernambuco (CAAE: 82226718.8.0000.5208).
Prototyping was performed in two cases (Figures 2 and 3). The DVD containing the computed tomography of patients was sent to the Renato Archer
Information Technology Center (Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer) (Figure 1). On the day before surgery, the prototypes were taken to the surgical center, where
the procedure was simulated, the margin of proximal resection was decided, the mandibular
reconstruction plate was fixed, and the size of the screws for each bone segment was
chosen (collected fibula). The number of osteotomies was defined in digital planning.
All the fixation material was sterilized after model surgery. Skull base (with the
glenoid), the donor fibula, an osteotomy guide for the fibula, and the defective mandible
were prototyped (Figure 4).
Figure 1 - A. Preoperative period; B. Donor area; C. Postoperative period; D. Osteomyocutaneous flap fixed to the plate; E. Radiological
control: 6 months postoperatively.
Figure 1 - A. Preoperative period; B. Donor area; C. Postoperative period; D. Osteomyocutaneous flap fixed to the plate; E. Radiological
control: 6 months postoperatively.
Figure 2 - A and B. Preoperative period; C. Preoperative virtual reconstruction of skull base and fibula with osteotomies; D.
Prototyping model reconstructing real-size fibula (whole and osteotomized), skull
base, and osteotomy cutting guide.
Figure 2 - A and B. Preoperative period; C. Preoperative virtual reconstruction of skull base and fibula with osteotomies; D.
Prototyping model reconstructing real-size fibula (whole and osteotomized), skull
base, and osteotomy cutting guide.
Figure 3 - Preoperative virtual reconstruction: A, B, and D. Skull base and fibula; C. Appearance
of the mandible with the projection of the fibula after osteotomy.
Figure 3 - Preoperative virtual reconstruction: A, B, and D. Skull base and fibula; C. Appearance
of the mandible with the projection of the fibula after osteotomy.
Figure 4 - A. Exposed tibiofibular trunk; B. Positioning of the mould/guide of osteotomies; C. Osteotomized fibula fixed with
plate (without proximal osteotomy).
Figure 4 - A. Exposed tibiofibular trunk; B. Positioning of the mould/guide of osteotomies; C. Osteotomized fibula fixed with
plate (without proximal osteotomy).
RESULTS
The cases included six patients, three of whom were male (50%), aged between 12 to
48 years with a mean age of 24 years. All reconstructions were performed after the
resection of head and neck neoplasms (Table 1).
Table 1 - Characterization of the cases
Cases |
Gender |
Age |
Etiology |
Type reconstruction |
Complications |
Prototyping |
1 |
Fem |
48 |
Malignant fibrohistiocytoma |
Delayed |
No |
Yes |
2 |
Fem |
40 |
Ameloblastoma |
Immediate |
No |
Yes |
3 |
Male |
18 |
Aneurysmal bone cyst |
Immediate |
No |
No |
4 |
Fem |
12 |
Giant Cell Carcinoma |
Immediate |
No |
No |
5 |
Male |
17 |
Sarcomatous Neoplasia |
Immediate |
Defect at the contour of the mandible
|
No |
6 |
Male |
12 |
Aneurysmal bone cyst |
Immediate |
Osteomyelitis |
No |
Table 1 - Characterization of the cases
Osteomyocutaneous fibula free flaps for mandibular reconstruction were performed in
5 cases (in one case, there was no need for flap skin island). In all cases, the large
defects were adequately covered, with good functional and aesthetic results and minimal
morbidity of the donor area.
One case required a second surgical period for a better definition of the new mandible
and underwent arthroplasty for the affected hemiface. Another case had osteomyelitis
in the 3rd month postoperatively and underwent surgical debridement and received venous
antibiotic therapy.
All cases of reconstruction were tracheostomized intraoperatively, with the tube being
removed within three weeks. Only one patient underwent delayed reconstruction (Table 1).
The feasibility rate of the flaps performed in our study was 100%.
DISCUSSION
Microsurgical reconstructions are complex techniques needed at advanced reconstruction
centers and are crucial in head and neck cancer surgeries. Over the past 50 years,
several advances in these techniques and several potential flaps have been described1-5. Three decades have passed since the introduction of the osteomyocutaneous fibula
flap in 1986, and this flap remains the gold standard for reconstruction of bone defects
in the mandible and extremities6-8.
Mandibular rehabilitation is important because there are several functions performed
by this bone, including participation in chewing, swallowing, oral competence, verbalization,
and breathing support. Moreover, it significantly contributes to the contours of the
middle third of the face10.
In the sample analyzed, six mandibles were reconstructed after resection of tumors
in the mandible.
Delayed reconstruction of the mandible was chosen for only one of the patients (Table 1). In this case, there was no history of prior local radiotherapy. In delayed reconstruction,
the chances of detecting tumor recurrence and local spread are higher, unlike immediate
reconstruction, covering the primary site12,13,14. Most authors prefer immediate reconstruction. It results in better aesthetic results,
decreased morbidity, faster rehabilitation of the patient, prevention of sequelae
that hinder delayed reconstruction, and reduction of cost and treatment time14. In Brazil, the absence of microsurgeons, limited operating room time, lack of adequate
material, and doubt about free margins often lead to delayed microsurgical mandibular
reconstructions15.
Craniofacial and donor fibula was prototyped for two patients (Figures 2 and 3). The introduction of prototyping in medicine is relatively recent. With the technological
advancement of radiology (tomography and resonance), high-definition images are generated,
allowing detailed 3D visualization and analysis of anatomical structures. A digital
printer can create a 3D model of the analyzed anatomical structure from these images
(Figure 1)16,17. Computed tomography (CT) was used as a standard examination for prototype construction
since the literature considered this type of image ideal18.
In cases 1 and 2 (Table 1), model surgery performed the day before provided several benefits: decreased morbidity
of the donor area (capturing only what was needed); definition of resection margins
(in case 2); plate fixation; choice of screws; maintenance of the mandibular transverse
diameter; fitting of the condyle prosthesis to the TMJ; maintenance of the best possible
occlusion; shorter surgical time, shorter anesthesia time, and lower hospital cost.
An important technical detail of this prototyping is that prototyping skull base (containing
the glenoid) and the fibula with the osteotomy sites were required (Figure 4)17,18,19,20.
The fibula is very important for dental rehabilitation in implant dentistry. Osseointegrated
implants should be placed between 4 and 6 months, in case of bone grafts, and longer
waiting periods may cause bone resorption owing to lack of load. Unfortunately, none
of our patients have received osseointegrated implants owing to the unavailability
of staff and material provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)12,13.
Mandibular reconstruction has greater complications than reconstructions performed
in other regions of the face. In a previous study conducted by Portinho et al., in
201311, the incidences of complications in the receiving area, in patients undergoing mandibulectomies,
were as follows: fistula, 21.2%; necrosis, 13.5%; dehiscence, 13.5%; infection, 11.5%;
bleeding, 9.6%; and extrusion of osteosynthesis material, 1.9%. In our study, we observed
only one case that had a local infection (osteomyelitis), requiring hospitalization
and use of antibiotics21,22,23.
CONCLUSION
Fibula free flaps are a great alternative for head and neck reconstruction. Our initial
experience and literature show satisfactory results, partially restoring the shape
and function of affected tissues. The learning curve is long but tends to improve
with training of the team.
COLLABORATIONS
MFMBL
|
Analysis and/or data interpretation, Conception and design study, Data Curation, Final
manuscript approval, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Validation,
Visualization, Writing - Original Draft Preparation, Writing - Review & Editing
|
JPBRM
|
Supervision, Writing - Review & Editing
|
RA
|
Supervision, Writing - Review & Editing
|
JZS
|
Writing - Review & Editing
|
KK
|
Analysis and/or data interpretation, Data Curation
|
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1. Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
Corresponding author: Marcel Fernando Miranda Batista Lima Rua Barão de Itamaracá 78, Apto 1203,Espinheiro, Recife, PE, Brazil. Zip Code: 52020-070.
E-mail: marcelflima@hotmail.com
Article received: July 1, 2019.
Article accepted: February 22, 2020.
Conflicts of interest: none.