INTRODUCTION
Suicide is a complex phenomenon and a serious public health problem. Recent studies
have reported that suicide occurs every 40 seconds worldwide1, corresponding to more than 800,000 deaths per year. It is the second largest cause
of death among people aged 15 and 29 years, second only to traffic accidents2. The picture is even more alarming when suicide attempts are analyzed. For every
suicide there are an estimated 10 attempts; moreover, for each documented attempt,
there are four unrecorded events3.
Suicidal behavior is complex and multifactorial. The related risk factors are not
restricted to a recent stressor event, such as conjugal separation or loss of employment.
Suicide results from the interaction between social, cultural, and psychological components4.
In most cases, there is a diagnosable mental disorder, often depression and anxiety.
Over 60% of people who committed suicide were not in treatment when they died5, indicating the importance of recognizing all dimensions of mental disorders in preventing
suicide.
An important warning sign for the occurrence of suicide is a previous attempt. The
increase in the risk of suicide after a previous attempt is directly proportional
to the number of attempts and inversely proportional to the time passed3,5.
Other factors, usually considered in association with those mentioned above, are related
to individual conditions (interpersonal conflicts, chronic pain, feeling of hopelessness,
family history of suicide, drug use, alcoholism, and genetic and biological factors),
social (difficulty in accessing health services, stigmatization of mental disorders
and patients seeking help for self-harm ideation, and ease in achieving the means
or instruments to commit suicide) and environmental (war, disasters or conflicts,
discrimination, trauma, and abuse)4.
According to the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade)
of the Ministry of Health, 152,135 deaths by external causes occurred in 2015 in Brazil,
of which 11,178 (7.34%) were reported as "intentional self-harm"6. This number may be even higher, as 9,810 deaths were classified as "events (facts)
whose intention is undetermined"6. Within the categories listed as methods of self-harm by the Ministry of Health,
156 deaths were classified as "intentional self-harm caused by smoke, fire and flame"
in Brazil in 20157. The methods used to cause self-harm are varied, with different morbidity and mortality.
In this context, burns, although not the first choice as a method of self-harm, play
an important role due to the injury severity, the high mortality rate, and the major
psychological, functional and aesthetic damage in those who survive the attempt8. In particular, women, representing the majority of patients with a history of suicide
attempts and death from self-inflicted burns9-11, constitute a vulnerable population group that deserves deeper study.
Suicide is a preventable death4. Thus the importance of this study, given that a review of the literature did not
find epidemiological studies on this subject in the female population in the Distrito Federal, midwest of Brazil
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to characterize the women hospitalized for attempted
suicide by physical means (burns) in the reference center for burn treatment or who
died as a result of self-inflicted burns in the Federal District between July 2010
and June 2015.
METHODS
This retrospective, descriptive time-series study was performed in two locations:
the Burn Treatment Unit (Unidade de Tratamento de Queimados, UTQ) of the Asa Norte
Regional Hospital (Hospital Regional da Asa Norte, HRAN), a referral center for burn
victims at the Federal District Department of Health (Secretaria de Estado de Saúde
do Distrito Federal, SESDF), and the Institute of Legal Medicine (Instituto de Medicina
Legal, IML) of the Civil Police of the Federal District, where all postmortem examinations of cases of deaths from external causes occurring in this federation
unit are performed.
The sample was of convenience, consisting of all cases reported as suicide by burns,
attempted or accomplished, which occurred from July 1, 2010, to June 30, 2015, based
on the date of hospitalization in the UTQ or the completion of the postmortem examination (in the case of victims admitted to the HRAN). The choice of the study
period was based on the availability of data upon the introduction of electronic medical
records in the SESDF.
Data obtained from documents that did not objectively describe a suicidal intent,
nor the action of the physical environment (burns) as the primary cause of hospitalization
or death were excluded from the study.
Data collection occurred between January and June 2017 and was performed based on
the availability of documents from each institution.
In the HRAN, data were collected from reports of patient discharge and, in case of
doubt or the absence of certain information, an active search was performed in the
electronic medical records of the Department of Health of the Federal District for
complementation.
At the IML, the collection was performed from the computerized database of the Civil
Police.
A listing of the postmortem reports of women killed by physical means (burns) in the study period was provided
by the Information Technology, Planning and Statistical sector of the Institute, which
allowed the examination of the medical documents and police reports related to the
event.
Data, including victim age, place where the burn occurred, date of burn, date of hospitalization,
date of postmortem examination, date of discharge or death, days between burn and hospitalization, days
of hospitalization, burned body surface area (BSA), depth (degree) of burn, body segments
affected, agent, presence of associated lesions, clinical history, clinical course
during hospitalization, and outcome (discharge or death) were collected and stored
in Microsoft Excel, version 2013.
The data were statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel, version 2013.
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the foundation of Teaching
and Research in Health Sciences (Opinion nº 1.504.214 - Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa
em Ciências da Saúde/SES/DF). At no time were the physical documents removed from
the workplaces, nor were they digitally printed or recorded on other media, and only
the data present in the sample were analyzed.
RESULTS
Between July 2010 and June 2015, we identified 42 women with a history of suicide
by burn, attempted or consummated, in the Federal District (Figure 1). Of these, 40 women were admitted to the HRAN and one to a private hospital (Tables 1-3).
Figure 1 - Yearly distribution of suicide cases, attempted or consummated, by burns between July
2010 and June 2015, in Brasilia (DF.
Figure 1 - Yearly distribution of suicide cases, attempted or consummated, by burns between July
2010 and June 2015, in Brasilia (DF.
Table 1 - Epidemiological profiles of women victims of attempted or consummated suicide in Brasilia
(FD), July 2010 to June 2015.
Characteristic |
N |
% |
Age range (years) |
|
|
15 to 29 |
12 |
28.5 |
30 to 44 |
20 |
47.6 |
45 to 59 |
8 |
19 |
60 or higher |
2 |
4.9 |
State where the burn occurred |
|
|
DF |
27 |
64.3 |
GO |
10 |
23.8 |
MG |
3 |
7.1 |
MT |
1 |
2.4 |
TO |
1 |
2.4 |
Etiologic agent |
|
|
Alcohol + fire |
30 |
71.4% |
Acetone + fire |
7 |
16.6% |
Fire |
2 |
4.8% |
Gasoline + fire |
1 |
2.4% |
Caustic soda |
1 |
2.4% |
Hot water |
1 |
2.4% |
Table 1 - Epidemiological profiles of women victims of attempted or consummated suicide in Brasilia
(FD), July 2010 to June 2015.
Table 2 - Age, days of hospitalization, and burned body surface area (BSA) of women victims
of attempted (hospital discharge) or consummated suicide (death) in Brazil (FD), July
2010 to June 2015.
Characteristic |
Discharge |
Death |
Total |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Age (years) |
33.4 |
± 10 |
42.8 |
± 11.6 |
36.7 |
± 11.5 |
Days of hospitalization |
28.3 |
± 23.2 |
12.07 |
± 10.5 |
22.5 |
± 21.1 |
BSA |
20.4 |
± 13 |
59.53 |
± 24.7 |
34.38 |
± 26 |
Table 2 - Age, days of hospitalization, and burned body surface area (BSA) of women victims
of attempted (hospital discharge) or consummated suicide (death) in Brazil (FD), July
2010 to June 2015.
Table 3 - Clinical profiles of women victims of attempted (hospital discharge) or consummated
suicide (death) in Brasilia (FD), July 2010 to June 2015.
Characteristic |
Discharge |
Death |
Total |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
Nº of women: |
27 |
64.3 |
15 |
35.7 |
42 |
100 |
Severity: |
Low |
10 |
23.8 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
23.8 |
Medium |
6 |
14.3 |
2 |
4.7 |
8 |
19 |
High |
11 |
26.2 |
13 |
31 |
24 |
57.2 |
Priors: |
PSQ* |
16 |
59 |
13 |
86.6 |
29 |
69 |
Prior Attempt |
4 |
14.8 |
5 |
33.3 |
9 |
21.4 |
Inhalation injury: |
1 |
3.7 |
7 |
46.6 |
8 |
19 |
Complications: |
Surgical wound infection |
17 |
63 |
4 |
26.6 |
21 |
50 |
Pneumonia |
2 |
7.4 |
4 |
26.6 |
6 |
14.3 |
Sepsis |
5 |
18.5 |
7 |
46.6 |
12 |
28.5 |
Table 3 - Clinical profiles of women victims of attempted (hospital discharge) or consummated
suicide (death) in Brasilia (FD), July 2010 to June 2015.
DISCUSSION
The average age of the women in this study was 36.76 years, ranging between 15 and
70 years, with a predominance of women aged between 30 and 44 years (47.6%), followed
by those aged 15 to 29 years (28.5%). These findings were similar to those of other
studies10,12 and a report from the World Health Organization (WHO), in which suicide was among
the three main causes of death of people aged 15 to 44 years, with approximately one
million deaths annually, corresponding to 1.4% of all deaths. These figures do not
include suicide attempts, which are 10 to 20 times more frequent than suicide4.
Assessment of the federation unit where the event occurred revealed that the Federal
District (FD) was identified as an address in 27 cases (64.3%), while 15 cases (35.7%)
occurred in other states. Of these, 86.6% occurred in Goiás and Minas Gerais and 13.4%
in Mato Grosso and Tocantins. The capital of the country is surrounded by several
municipalities of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, making up the Regional Development
of the Federal District and Environs (Região Integrada de Desenvolvimento do Distrito
Federal e Entorno). These municipalities have had a high population growth in recent
years, without a proportional growth of the hospital structure. Given that the HRAN
is the nearest public specialized burn treatment center, a high number of patients
was expected in these states.
Evaluation of the administrative regions (AR) of the FD, where more cases were observed,
revealed seven cases in Ceilândia (16.6%) and four in Santa Maria (9.5%). Two cases
each occurred in Taguatinga, Samambaia, and Brazlândia. The remaining cases were distributed
unitarily in the other ARs. Between 2012 and 2013, Ceilândia was the most populous
AR in the Federal District and had the highest number of records of violent acts against
women13. While these data alone do not allow us to conclude that violence against women directly
reflected the increase in suicide cases, they allows us to infer a relationship between
the two situations.
Frequent exposure to violent situations may result in the normalization of these events.
It is common for the highest levels of domestic violence to be associated with higher
global indices of violence14. Precarious socioeconomic conditions, interpersonal and violent relations, drug and
alcohol abuse, and cultural aspects related to the position of women within the family
may result in unbalanced and unstable domestic environments, where violent events,
particularly against women and children, are overlooked and the distinction between
intentional and accidental (including self-inflicted) events becomes difficult, mainly
due to insufficient information provided to health services and public safety15,16.
Among etiologic agents, thermal burn was the most frequent. Flammable liquids associated
with fire were reported in 38 cases (90.5%), corroborating published findings17,18. Within the category of "flammable liquids," alcohol was prominent, concordant with
observations in other studies8,19. In contrast with accidental burns, scalding (burns by spilling of heated non-flammable
liquids) was infrequent20, as were chemical burns, represented in this study by caustic soda.
The average burned BSA in the present study was 34.38%, varying between 2 and 95%.
The BSAs for the patients who were discharged and those who died were 20.4 ± 13% and
59.53 ± 24.7%, respectively. Deep and total partial thickness burns occurred in 59.5%
of cases. Evaluation of the severity of the condition at admission or at the time
of death based on the burned BSA and lesion depth21 showed a predominance of large burns, which were reported in 24 patients (57.6%),
corroborating the results of previous studies19. These numbers reflect the direct proportionality between BSA and clinical severity.
The higher the BSA, the larger the loss of the skin barrier and the imbalance of homeostasis,
predisposing patients to infectious complications, hydroelectrolytic disorders, and
altered tissue perfusion22.
Assessment of the body segment affected showed a predominance of burns to the upper
half of the body. Burns occurred on the head, trunk, and upper limbs of 38 (90.4%),
39 (92.8%), and 35 (83.3%) women, respectively. Twenty-six women (61.9%) had burns
on their lower limbs. These data confirm the information available in the literature23-25. This may be due to the dynamics of the intentional event, which tends to start the
spill of liquid, mainly flammable, on the head, which travels to the upper limbs and
trunk by gravity. The average period of hospitalization was 22.5 days, varying between
1 and 92 days. The average lengths of hospitalization for patients who were discharged
and those who died were 28.3 ± 23.2 and 12.7 ± 10.5 days, respectively. This difference
was also reported in other studies26.
The incidence of attempted self-extermination by fire is among the most dramatic of
all forms of suicide, with psychological distress an important motivation for self-immolation.
Based on reports of the patient, family members, or psychiatric evaluation during
hospitalization, a history of psychiatric diseases was identified in 29 women (69%).
A history of prior suicide attempt was also reported by the patient or family member
in nine cases (21.4%). The association between suicide attempts and psychiatric diseases
is widely discussed in the scientific literature8,10-12; furthermore, a history of previous attempts is also a risk factor for a new attempt3,4,24.
Infectious complications were the most prevalent in the present study. Twenty-eight
women presented infectious complications; of these, 21 were diagnosed with surgical
wound infection and 6 with pneumonia. Thirteen patients progressed to sepsis.
Fifteen of the 42 women included in this study died, corresponding to a mortality
rate of 35%. This finding is in agreement with other scientific studies11,19. Of those deaths, 14 occurred in the hospital environment and one at the site where
the suicide was committed. All deaths were necropsied in the IML (Table 4).
Tabela 4 - Mulheres vítimas de suicídio no período de julho de 2010 a junho de 2015, em Brasília
(DF).
|
Age (years) |
BSA |
Degree |
Days of Hospitalization |
Evolution |
Cause of Death (postmortem) |
1 |
47 |
72 |
3 |
1 |
AIRB |
Multiple organ failure |
2 |
53 |
83 |
2nd and 3rd |
1 |
AIRB |
Great burned |
3 |
36 |
35 |
2nd and 3rd |
31 |
AIRB, SWI, PNM, sepsis |
Multiple burns |
4 |
43 |
60 |
2nd and 3rd |
12 |
AIRB, SWI, ARF, sepsis |
Sepsis |
5 |
30 |
70 |
2nd and 3rd |
14 |
Sepsis |
Sepsis |
6 |
55 |
85 |
2nd and 3rd |
12 |
AIRB, ARF, sepsis |
Sepsis |
7 |
45 |
40 |
2nd and 3rd |
8*+24 |
PNM, ARF, sepsis |
Sepsis |
8 |
19 |
24 |
2nd |
16 |
SWI, RF |
PNM |
9 |
41 |
16 |
2nd and 3rd |
12 |
ARF, RF |
Complications of burns |
10 |
36 |
30 |
2nd and 3rd |
21 |
SWI, sepsis |
Sepsis |
11 |
70 |
50 |
2nd and 3rd |
23** |
AIRB, PNM, ARF, Sepsis |
Sepsis |
12 |
48 |
93 |
2nd and 3rd |
2 |
RF |
Sepsis |
13 |
47 |
70 |
2nd and 3rd |
0*** |
AIRB |
Pulmonary Edema |
14 |
41 |
95 |
2nd and 3rd |
1** |
Dehydration |
Great burned |
15 |
31 |
70 |
2nd and 3rd |
3 |
Pulmonary Edema |
Hypovolemia |
Tabela 4 - Mulheres vítimas de suicídio no período de julho de 2010 a junho de 2015, em Brasília
(DF).
Increased burned BSA, lesion depth, and airway burns are directly associated with
increased mortality12. Inhalation burns decrease airway protection against infections, predisposing the
patient to pulmonary complications such as respiratory failure and pneumonia27, worsening their prognosis. In the present study, 13 of the women who died had larger
burned BSA (86%) and 7 (46.6%) presented inhalation burns diagnosed during hospitalization
or in postmortem examination, corroborating the current literature.
The main causes of death in burned patients are infectious complications, especially
sepsis and multiple organ failure28. Sepsis is the main cause of death at more than 24 hours and up to 2 weeks after
burns29. The main causes of death due to sepsis or septic shock in burned patients are surgical
wound infections and pneumonia29. In the present study, diagnoses of sepsis, pneumonia, and multiple organ failure
were reported in the postmortem examination in seven, one, and one case, respectively.
This study has some limitations. The choice of study period, for convenience, limited
comparisons between years. Because this was a retrospective analysis of data in medical
and police documents, inadequate recording of data was possible. The documents contained
the information available at the time and may not have been updated based on the findings
of hospital examinations or police investigations.
In addition, there may have been no suspicion of self-inflicted violence on the part
of the care provider, whether in Health or Public Safety. Regarding the incompleteness
of the data, the underreporting of cases as self-harm was a considerable limitation.
The absence of an objective report of attempted or consummated suicide in both medical
and police documents excluded these women from the study, thus restricting the sample.
CONCLUSION
The data obtained in this study corroborate the literature available on the subject.
Most women who attempted suicide by burns were between 15 and 44 years of age. The
personal lives and work of these young women are permanently compromised due to the
functional, aesthetic, and psychological sequelae of their suicide attempt by burns.
The number of women who use alcohol as a fuel in suicide attempts by thermal agents
remains high. Despite awareness campaigns and banning the indiscriminate sale of liquid
alcohol, it is still easily obtained8,12.
A history of psychiatric diseases and previous suicide attempts were observed, indicating
that the main risk factors for suicide can be prevented if they are suspected, identified,
and treated.
Intentional burns are more severe than accidental burns8. Women victims of suicide attempts by burns have deeper lesions, a greater association
with inhalation injury, increased hospitalization periods, and higher mortality30. The treatment of these women represents a significant financial cost for the health
system and an even higher emotional and psychological cost to the victims and their
families. Despite progress in the management and treatment of burned patients, prevention
remains the best strategy. With measures such as proper attendance of patients, suspicion
of cases of self-inflicted violence, and referral for pertinent treatment and follow-up,
suicide may be avoided and lives saved.
This study outlined the epidemiological profile of women who attempted suicide with
burns to raise awareness of this important and scarcely explored topic. Furthermore,
our findings emphasized the implications and impact of these occurrences in the health
system and called attention to the recurring challenge of incomplete information in
the assessment of secondary data.
COLLABORATIONS
MS
|
Analysis and/or data interpretation, Conception and design study, Conceptualization,
Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration,
Realization of operations and/or trials, Visualization, Writing - Original Draft Preparation,
Writing - Review & Editing
|
MLCO
|
Analysis and/or data interpretation, Conception and design study, Conceptualization,
Final manuscript approval, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project
Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - Review
& Editing
|
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Disponível em: http://www.internationalsurgery.org/doi/10.9738/INTSURG-D-13-00189.1?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&code=icsu-site
1. Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Hospital Regional da Asa Norte,
Brasília, DF, Brazil.
2. Universidade Católica de Brasília, Programa de Mestrado em Gerontologia, Brasília,
DF, Brazil.
3. Escola Superior em Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em
Ciências para a Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
Corresponding author: Marcia Schelb Quadra 1, 3º andar, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, Brazil. Zip code: 70710-100. E-mail:
marciaschelb@hotmail.com
Article received: November 14, 2018.
Article accepted: June 22, 2019.
Conflicts of interest: none.