INTRODUCTION
Reconstruction of the lower eyelid is a challenge for plastic surgeons. It
requires knowledge of various surgical techniques and anatomy to obtain
satisfactory functional and aesthetic results1-3.
Eyelid defects can be divided into congenital and acquired and can be due to
diverse etiologies, with cutaneous tumors being one of the most prevalent,
especially the non-melanoma type4-8.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent of the non-melanoma cutaneous
tumors and has a slow growth rate. Although it is not aggressive, BCC can cause
important sequelae in adjacent tissues when treated late or inappropriately9.
Periorbital tumors represent 10% of cutaneous tumors. BCC is the most common
neoplasm in the periorbital region, accounting for 80-90% of palpebral tumors.
The lower eyelid and the medial canthus are the most commonly affected regions.
These periorbital cutaneous tumors can be difficult to manage; nevertheless,
they are commonly treated with surgical excision10.
Several lower eyelid reconstruction techniques have been developed over the last
decades. The choice of the reconstruction technique should be guided by the size
of the defect and involvement of the anterior and posterior lamellae. Simple
closure should be conducted when possible, and lateral canthotomy may aid in
the
medial advancement of tissues11-13.
In 1966, Mustardé14 used several
techniques according to the principle of advancement of the lateral skin of the
face in the medial direction for correction of defects of the lower eyelid.
There is sagging skin in the lateral region of the face. Its advancement is
limited, and if no measures are taken to reduce tension in the flap, it will
tend to return to the original position.
In 1973, McGregor15 proposed a technique
for lower eyelid defects consisting of lateral periorbital zetaplasty to advance
the tissues medially with the intention of reducing the tension in the flap.
It
is shown as an excellent alternative within the therapeutic reconstructive
arsenal for complex lower eyelid defects.
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the clinical applicability of the McGregor flap as an option for
reconstruction of defects of the lower eyelid and periorbital region.
METHODS
This retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study was based on the review of
medical records and photographic documentation of seven patients submitted to
excision of cutaneous tumors of the lower eyelid and adjacent regions. The
surgical defects were reconstructed using the McGregor flap between April 2010
and October 2016 at the Plastic Surgery Clinic of Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo
Horizonte, MG.
The following criteria were analyzed: age at the date of surgery, sex, lesion
topography, pathological diagnosis of the lesion, date of and adopted surgical
procedure, follow-up, and any complications related to the procedure.
Data were entered into the Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet software for
statistical analysis. The related literature was reviewed, and the databases
consulted were PubMed and LILACS.
The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki revised in 2000 and Resolution
196/96 of the National Health Council were followed, and the patients analyzed
completed the informed consent form. No conflicts of interest were observed,
and
there were no sources of financing.
Surgical technique
With the patients under mild sedation and local anesthesia, the surgical
procedure began with creation of a lateral incision following the curvature
of the eyelid, which extended to the anterior region of the pre-auricular
hair-line, with the length of the incision being dependent on the width of
the defect to be compensated. The curvature of the incision was important to
provide a vertical length appropriate to the flap.
Zetaplasty was performed at the lateral end of the incision, with the width
of the defect corresponding to the central limb of the Z. The lateral
descending limb and the ascending limb of the Z had the same length as the
common limb and formed an angle of 60º with the latter (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Eyelid reconstruction following subtotal resection of the
upper or lower eyelid. Adapted from McGregor IA. Br J Plast
Surg. 1973;26(4):346-54.
15
Figure 1 - Eyelid reconstruction following subtotal resection of the
upper or lower eyelid. Adapted from McGregor IA. Br J Plast
Surg. 1973;26(4):346-54.
15
The detachment of the flaps followed the subcutaneous dissection plane.
Lateral canthotomy was performed for advancement of the flap and covering of
the eyelid defect. After interpolation of the flaps, any excess skin was
trimmed.
RESULTS
Between April 2010 and October 2016, seven patients underwent excision of
cutaneous malignant tumors of the lower eyelid and reconstruction of the
surgical defect using the McGregor flap (Table 1 and Figure 2, 3 and 4). The patients’ age ranged from 38 to 79 years, with an average of
65.4 years. The study included five female patients (71.4%) and two male
patients (28.6%).
Table 1 - Review of medical records of the seven patients.
Patient |
Age (Years)
|
Sex |
Lesion location |
Anatomopathological Diagnosis |
Surgery |
Follow-up/ Complications
|
1 |
79 |
Male |
Lower right eyelid |
Nodular BCC |
08/04/2010 Excision of the lesion with
sacrifice of the catheterized lacrimal canaliculus + McGregor
flap
|
52 months Without complications
|
2 |
69 |
Female |
Lower right eyelid |
Sclerodermiform BCC |
30/03/2011 Excision of the lesion +
Matsuo's technique + McGregor flap
|
14 months Ectropion from deformation of
the cartilage graft
|
3 |
66 |
Female |
Lower right eyelid and nasal region |
Adnexal microcystic carcinoma |
11/04/2011 Mohs micrographic surgery +
McGregor flap
|
71 months Without complications
|
4 |
77 |
Male |
Right lateral region of the nasal dorsum |
Sclerodermiform BCC |
04/10/2013 Mohs micrographic surgery +
McGregor flap
|
44 months Without complications
|
5 |
59 |
Female |
Left medial orbital zygomatic margins |
Solid BCC |
16/12/2013 Mohs micrographic surgery +
McGregor flap
|
42 months Without complications
|
6 |
38 |
Female |
Lower right eyelid |
Nodular BCC |
24/09/2015 Mohs micrographic surgery +
McGregor flap
|
22 months Without complications
|
7 |
70 |
Female |
Lower left eyelid |
Solid BCC |
21/10/2016 Excision of lesion + McGregor
flap
|
9 months Without complications
|
Table 1 - Review of medical records of the seven patients.
Figure 2 - A: Preoperative marking for Mohs micrographic
surgery; B: Loss of substance; C:
Reconstruction planning with the McGregor technique; D:
Flap detachment; E: Flap advancement and interpolation;
F: 3-year postoperative image.
Figure 2 - A: Preoperative marking for Mohs micrographic
surgery; B: Loss of substance; C:
Reconstruction planning with the McGregor technique; D:
Flap detachment; E: Flap advancement and interpolation;
F: 3-year postoperative image.
Figure 3 - A: Preoperative marking for Mohs micrographic
surgery; B: Loss of substance and reconstruction
planning with the McGregor technique; C: Flap
detachment; D: Flap advancement and interpolation;
E, F: 1-month postoperative images.
Figure 3 - A: Preoperative marking for Mohs micrographic
surgery; B: Loss of substance and reconstruction
planning with the McGregor technique; C: Flap
detachment; D: Flap advancement and interpolation;
E, F: 1-month postoperative images.
Figure 4 - A: Preoperative marking for Mohs micrographic
surgery; B: Loss of substance and reconstruction
planning with the McGregor technique; C: Flap
detachment; D: Flap advancement and interpolation;
E, F: 1-month postoperative images
Figure 4 - A: Preoperative marking for Mohs micrographic
surgery; B: Loss of substance and reconstruction
planning with the McGregor technique; C: Flap
detachment; D: Flap advancement and interpolation;
E, F: 1-month postoperative images
In relation to the topography of the lesions, one was located on the left medial
orbital zygomatic margin (14.3%), one on the right lateral region of the nasal
dorsum (14.3%), one on the right lower eyelid and nasal region (3%), three on
the lower right eyelid (42.8%), and one on the lower left eyelid (14.3%).
Based on the pathological examination findings, two lesions were diagnosed as
solid BCC (28.6%), two as sclerodermiform BCC (28.6%), and two as nodular BCC
(28.6%) (85.7% BCC in total) and one as adnexal microcystic carcinoma (AMC)
(14.3%).
Four patients underwent Mohs micrographic surgery for lesion excision and
reconstruction using the McGregor flap (57.1%); the other three patients
underwent conventional lesion excision and reconstruction using the McGregor
flap (42.9%). In one patient, the lacrimal canaliculi had to be sacrificed and
catheterized.
In another patient, the Matsuo et al.16
technique was used for palpebral reconstruction of the posterior lamella using
a
cartilaginous graft of the ear concha.
The patients were followed up for periods varying from 9 to 71 months with an
average of 36.3 months. During the follow-up, there were no cases of tumor
recurrence. The conditions of the six patients progressed well without
complications, with satisfactory results (85.7%); however, one patient evolved
with postoperative ectropion (14.3%) due to deformation of the graft cartilage
of the ear used in the Matsuo technique for reconstruction. This patient refused
correction of the complication.
DISCUSSION
The number of diagnoses of non-melanoma skin cancer is higher than that of all
other malignancies combined; this has become a relevant public health issue
owing to the increasing incidence and costs associated with this type of
cancer17. This fact brings our
attention to the possibility of risk reduction associated to preventive measures
and promotion of healthy sun exposure.
One patient was diagnosed with AMC, which is an uncommon tumor with approximately
700 cases described in the literature worldwide. It is a neoplasia of the
eccrine sweat glands with a slow growth and a low index of metastases that
affect the head and neck. Owing to its subclinical evolution, AMC is often
confused with benign cutaneous tumors, resulting in late diagnoses and higher
rates of incomplete treatment. Recurrences may occur up to 30 years after
excision; therefore, prolonged follow-up is recommended18.
The histological distribution of the tumors excised in this study was similar to
that in the literature on periorbital tumors with predominance of BCC (85.7%
of
the cases). The most common site of the tumors also coincided with that of the
literature, with 71.4% of the tumors being found in the lower eyelid, 14.3% in
the zygomatic margin, and 14.3% in the nasal dorsum18.
BCC affecting the periorbital region has a higher rate of recurrence than other
topographies, most of which are not locally aggressive and invasion of the orbit
occurs in less than 5% of cases19. In
this study, no case of tumor recurrence was identified, although some patients
had a short-term follow-up.
The preservation of healthy tissues as well as the high cure rates are important
considerations in the surgical treatment of periorbital cutaneous tumors. The
surgical treatment of BCC commonly includes techniques, such as curettage,
conventional excision, cryosurgery, laser-associated cryosurgery, and Mohs
micrographic surgery.
The conventional resection of the cutaneous tumor lesions in this series
represented 43% of the cases. The literature reveals that this modality remains
the most commonly used procedure, accounting for 75% of surgeries performed on
BCC20.
In the present study, Mohs micrographic surgery was performed in four patients
(57%). Surgical indications depend on histology, size, and topography of the
lesion and previous treatments21. Studies
show that this approach has higher cure rates. The rate of BCC recurrence 5
years after conventional surgery is 10 to 17%, whereas that of tumors resected
by Mohs micrographic surgery is 1 to 5.6%22.
Eyelid reconstruction aims to protect the cornea, preserve sight, and maintain
facial symmetry. The choice of the technique to be used should take into account
the size and position of the defect and the quality of the adjacent skin.
Options for reconstruction include grafts and various flaps. It is important
to
consider the traction vectors of the flaps over the eyelid to avoid
complications, such as lagophthalmos and ectropion. The color and texture of
the
skin selected for grafts and flaps should also be considered to preserve the
function and aesthetics of the eyelid23-25.
The technique described in 1973 by McGregor was originally indicated for the
reconstruction of V-shaped defects up to two thirds of the width of the eyelid,
being applied to both the lower and upper eyelids. After 15 years of using the
flap, McGregor presented good surgical results, with good-quality scars and
lateral eyelids with a natural appearance15. This study used the technique presented by McGregor as a basis
for reconstruction of the lower eyelid and adjacent regions with satisfactory
results.
This flap minimizes the tension of the lower eyelid, recruiting tissue laterally
to the defect and not below. Since it involves minor detachment of the tissues,
this flap has shown lower risks of seroma, hematoma, and necrosis than the
technique of Mustardé.
In 2010, Chedid et al.26
conducted a retrospective study that analyzed 137 patients who underwent
resection of neoplastic lesions of the lower eyelid and immediate reconstruction
at the National Cancer Institute in Rio de Janeiro between 2005 and 2010. In
11.2% of the patients, the selected reconstruction technique was the McGregor
flap.
In 2013, Tomassini et al.27 investigated
seven patients who underwent periorbital tumor excision and reconstruction with
periorbital zetaplasty and observed good functional and aesthetic results, with
no need for reoperation in any of the cases.
In 2015, Mukundan et al.28 described a
series of nine patients with successful reconstructed malar eyelid defects using
the McGregor technique associated with postoperative hyperbaric oxygen
therapy.
In 2016, Özkaya Mutlu et al.19 and Uemura et al.29 each showed a case of reconstruction with lateral periorbital
zetaplasty, obtaining satisfactory results.
In addition to the lateral periorbital zetaplasty for anterior lamellar
reconstruction, the technique described by Matsuo et al.16 in 1987 was used in one patient in this study to
reconstruct the posterior lamella using a cartilage graft from the ear concha.
In this technique, the cartilage in contact with the bulbar conjunctiva
undergoes spontaneous epithelization, eliminating the need for mucosal grafting
to reconstruct the conjunctiva.
The epithelization of the cartilage accompanied by the perichondrium is faster
and more effective than that when the bare cartilage is used. Consequently, this
technique reduces the surgical time and morbidity associated with the mucosal
graft donor area. Furthermore, the choice of the cartilage of the ear shell is
interesting because of the shape of the structure that adapts well to the
palpebral region, delicacy of the tissue, and ease of obtaining the graft.
Preservation of eyelid function is one of the main objectives of reconstruction,
allowing protection of the eyeball and tear system. Thus, measures should be
taken during surgical planning to avoid complications, such as ectropion,
entropion, epiphora, lagophthalmos, and exposure of the cornea. Among the
patients included in this study, one developed ectropion. In this patient, the
Matsuo technique was used; the complication may be related to late deformation
of the cartilage graft.
Ectropion increases exposure of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae,
predisposing patients to dry eye and tearing. As previously mentioned in the
surgical technique of the McGregor flap, the ascending curvature of the incision
and the direction of the traction vectors horizontally or laterally can reduce
the risks of postoperative ectropion.
CONCLUSION
The McGregor flap presented an adequate clinical applicability in the reported
series, making it an excellent alternative to compose the arsenal of surgical
techniques of plastic surgeons for the reconstruction of defects of the lower
eyelid and adjacent tissues with good aesthetic and functional results.
COLLABORATIONS
ACMA
|
Analysis and/or interpretation of data; statistical analyses; final
approval of the manuscript; conception and design of the study;
completion of surgeries and/or experiments; writing the manuscript
or critical review of its contents.
|
JCRRA
|
Analysis and/or interpretation of data; final approval of the
manuscript; completion of surgeries and/or experiments; writing the
manuscript or critical review of its contents.
|
NAP
|
Analysis and/or interpretation of data; statistical analyses; final
approval of the manuscript; conception and design of the study;
completion of surgeries and/or experiments; writing the manuscript
or critical review of its contents
|
LCJ
|
Analysis and/or interpretation of data; statistical analyses;
conception and design of the study; writing the manuscript or
critical review of its contents.
|
EHP
|
Analysis and/or interpretation of data; statistical analyses; final
approval of the manuscript; writing the manuscript or critical
review of its contents.
|
RPLF
|
Analysis and/or interpretation of data; statistical analyses; final
approval of the manuscript.
|
AFSF
|
Analysis and/or interpretation of data; final approval of the
manuscript; completion of surgeries and/or experiments; writing the
manuscript or critical review of its contents.
|
REFERENCES
1. Iglesias ME, Santesteban R, Larumbe A. Oncologic surgery of the
eyelid and orbital region. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2015;106(5):365-75. PMID:
25701895 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2014.11.011
2. Alves JCRR, Liu RP, Silva Filho AF, Pereira NA, Carvalho EES.
Reconstrução palpebral com enxerto de cartilagem autóloga de concha de orelha.
Rev Bras Cir Plást. 2012;27(2):243-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1983-51752012000200013
3. Holds JB. Lower eyelid reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg Clin North
Am. 2016;24(2):183-91. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2016.01.001
4. Apalla Z, Nashan D, Weller RB, Castellsagué X. Skin Cancer:
Epidemiology, Disease Burden, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic
Approaches. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2017;7(Suppl 1):5-19. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-016-0165-y
5. Barton V, Armeson K, Hampras S, Ferris LK, Visvanathan K, Rollison
D, et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer and risk of all-cause and cancer related
mortality: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017;309(4):243-51. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00403-017-1724-5
6. Martín-Garcia E, Arias-Santiago S, Serrano-Ortega S, Buendía-Esman
A. Evolución de la incidencia del cáncer de piel y labiodurante el periodo
1978-2007. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017;108(4):335-45.
7. Lamberg AL, Sølvsten H, Lei U, Vinding GR, Stender IM, Jemec
GB, et al. The Danish Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Dermatology Database. Clin
Epidemiol. 2016;8:633-6. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S99464
8. Stein JD, Antonyshyn OM. Aesthetic eyelid reconstruction. Clin
Plastic Surg. 2009;36(3):379-97. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2009.02.011
9. Lanoue J, Goldenberg G. Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review
of Existing and Emerging Nonsurgical Therapies. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol.
2016;9(5):26-36.
10. O'Halloran L, Smith H, Vinciullo C. Periocular Mohs micrographic
surgery in Western Australia 2009-2012: A single centre retrospective review
and
proposal for practice benchmarks. Australas J Dermatol.
2016;58(2):106-10.
11. Chandler DB, Gausas RE. Lower eyelid reconstruction. Otolaryngol
Clin North Am. 2005;38(5):1033-42. PMID: 16214572 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2005.03.006
12. Rafii AA, Enepekides DJ. Upper and lower eyelid reconstruction: the
year in review. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;14(4):227-33. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.moo.0000233592.76552.d2
13. Elabjer BK, Petrinovic-Doresic J, Busic M, Elabjer E, Kastelan S.
Retrospective analysis of reconstruction techniques after periocular basalioma
Excision. Coll Antropol. 2007;31 Suppl 1:91-6.
14. Mustardé JC. The use of flaps in the orbital region. Plast Reconstr
Surg. 1970;45(2):146-50. PMID: 5411895 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-197002000-00007
15. McGregor IA. Eyelid reconstruction following subtotal resection of
upper or lower lid. Br J Plast Surg. 1973;26(4):346-54. PMID: 4586380 DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1226(73)90038-6
16. Matsuo K, Hirose T, Takahashi N, Iwasawa M, Satoh R. Lower eyelid
reconstruction with a conchal cartilage graft. Plast Reconstr Surg.
1987;80(4):547-52. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198710000-00012
17. Almeida ACM, Silva Filho AF, Alves JCRR, Silva RLF. Cirurgia
micrográfica no tratamento do carcinoma microcístico anexial. Rev Bras Cir
Plást. 2016;31(3):428-32.
18. Echchaoui A, Benyachou M, Houssa A, Kajout M, Oufkir AA, Hajji C, et
al. Prise en charge des carcinomes des paupières: étude bicentrique
rétrospective sur 64 cas avec revue de littérature. J Fr Ophtalmol.
2016;39(2):187-94. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2015.05.011
19. Özkaya Mutlu Ö, Egemen O, Dilber A, Üsçetin I. Aesthetic Unit-Based
Reconstruction of Periorbital Defects. J Craniofac Surg. 2016;27(2):429-32. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000002359
20. Broadbent T, Bingham B, Mawn LA. Socioeconomic and Ethnic
Disparities in Periocular Cutaneous Malignancies. Semin Ophthalmol.
2016;31(4):317-24. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2016.1154172
21. Walker E, Mann M, Honda K, Vidimos A, Schluchter MD, Straight B, et
al. Rapid visualization of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2016;76(2):209-216.e9. PMID: 27876303
22. Cortés-Peralta EC, Garza-Rodríguez V, Vázquez-Martínez OT,
Gutiérrez-Villarreal IM, Ocampo-Candiani J. Cirugía micrográfica de Mohs: 27
años de experiencia en el Noreste de México. Cir Cir.
2016;85(4):279-83.
23. Almeida ACM, Alves JCRR, Portugal EH, Araujo IC, Fonseca RPL,
Andrade Filho JS, et al. Reconstrução em cirurgia micrográfica. Rev Bras Cir
Plást. 2015;30(2):235-41.
24. Verity DH, Collin JR. Eyelid reconstruction: the state of the art.
Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;12(4):344-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.moo.0000130577.04818.1c
25. Murillo WL, Fernandez W, Caycedo DJ, Dupin CL, Black ES. Cheek and
inferior eyelid reconstruction after skin cancer ablation. Clin Plastic Surg.
2004;31(1):49-67. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1298(03)00122-6
26. Chedid R, Santos P, Borges KS, Farias TP, Sbalchiero JC, Dibe M, et
al. Reconstrução palpebral inferior no Instituto Nacional do Câncer: estudo de
137 casos. Rev Bras Cir Cabeça Pescoço. 2010;39(4):277-82.
27. Tomassini GM, Ricci AL, Covarelli P, Cencetti F, Ansidei V, Rulli A,
et al. Surgical solutions for the reconstruction of the lower eyelid: canthotomy
and lateral cantholisis for full-thickness reconstruction of the lower eyelid.
In vivo. 2013;27(1):141-5.
28. Mukundan PK, Ambookan PV, Dilliraj VK. Soft tissue defects of eyelid
and malar region: an experience with the McGregor flap. Plast Aesthet Res.
2015;2(2):69-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-9264.153202
29. Uemura T, Yanai T, Yasuta M, Kawano H, Ishihara Y, Kikuchi M. Switch
Flap for Upper Eyelid Reconstruction-How Soon Should the Flap Be Divided? Plast
Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4(4):e695. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000000670
1. Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brazil.
2. Instituto de Cirurgia Plástica Avançada, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
3. Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus,
Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
4. Hospital Monte Sinai, Juiz de Fora, MG,
Brazil.
5. Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, São
Paulo, SP, Brazil.
6. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
7. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Itaúna,
Itaúna, MG, Brazil.
Corresponding author: Augusto César de Melo
Almeida
Rua Erê, 23, Sala 1205 - Prado
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Zip Code 30411-052
E-mail: contato@draugustoalmeida.com.br
Article received: August 06, 2017.
Article accepted: May 17, 2018.
Conflicts of interest: none.